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VICHY WEB
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DEPORTATION & PERSECUTION
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INTRODUCTION
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German
persecution of Jews in the Northern zone began almost as soon as the
occupier arrived, although it was only in 1942 that their anti-Semitic
policy radicalised to include extermination. Initially
the Germans sought to limit Jewish presence in their zone. Refugee Jews
who had fled from Northern France during the exodus were formally
forbidden from returning. Jews were expelled from the annexed territory of
Alsace-Moselle. The
Germans looked to identify and isolate Jews. A German ruling of 27
September 1940 obliged the Jewish population to register in a census.
Jewish shops had to display a large sign indicating that they were a
Jewish establishment. From October Jews in the occupied zone were
compelled to have the word ‘Juif’ stamped on their Identity Card. On
29 May 1942 a new law was passed whereby Jews had to wear an ostensible
Yellow star on their clothing. This law came into effect from 7 June (see
below). Jews
were to be stripped of their assets, reducing them to poverty. Jewish
companies were taken out of the hands of their real owners and given to a
provisional administrator of ‘Aryan’ race. The
Germans organised the pillage of about 20 000 works of art from France.
Many of these are stolen from private Jewish collections (*1).
The
actual internment of Jews by the Germans began in May 1941 with a round-up
of Polish, Czech and Austrian Jews who were then handed over to French
administered internment camps in Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande. In
August 1941, they organised the arrest of 4230 French and foreign Jews in
Paris who were transferred to the Drancy internment camp. This was
followed by the arrest of 734 French and 250 immigrant Jews in December
1941. These individuals were interned at Compiègne. In
1942, following the Wannsee conference German anti-Semitic policy
radicalised. From March train-loads of Jews began to be deported eastwards
to the death camps, situated in Nazi occupied Poland. Although the first
convoy consisted of third class carriages, subsequently Jews were
transported in cattle trucks strewn with straw and many died during the
journeys. Overall 75 721 Jews were deported from France. Two thirds, or
about 52 000, of these were foreign. Of the remaining 24 000 of French
nationality, roughly 8 000 were children of immigrants, 8 000 were
naturalised Jews (ie immigrants who had obtained French nationality) and
the remaining 8 000 were ‘Français de souche’ (of long-standing
French nationality). Of the almost 76 000 Jews deported only 2567 survived
the war. The rest were gassed to death. The
Nazis’ racist thinking made no distinction between French Jews and
foreign ones. But since the Germans recognised that they needed the help
of Vichy to arrest Jews in large numbers, it was decided to focus most of
the arrests in the summer of 1942 on foreign Jews. The Germans hoped in
this way to be able to get co-operation from the Vichy government. This
was important because they wanted to limit the extent to which they had to
use their own manpower to organise arrests. There were only about 2500
German police officials in France and they didn’t have the local
knowledge of their French counterparts. Arrests carried out by Germans
were more likely to trigger spontaneous reactions from the French. (*1) R.Thalmann,
La mise au pas, Paris, Fayard, 1991, p.17.
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From
7 June 1942, all Jews in the Northern Zone over the age of 6 were
compelled to wear a Yellow Star visibly on their clothes in which was
written the word ‘Juif’ (‘Jew’). This was designed to replicate
the Star of David- the traditional six-pointed star-shaped emblem
symbolizing Judaism. The Yellow Star was made of cloth which was then
deducted from the clothing ration of the Jew. It had to be collected from
the local police station and then sown on to outer garments so that it
could be clearly seen. Failure to do so could result in a fine and
internment. 92 600 people collected these stars in this way.
This
was a German inspired measure. It had previously been imposed in Germany
and in occupied Poland. It was extended to Belgium and the Netherlands at
the same time as to France. The Germans hoped that it would isolate Jews.
However, it appears that a wave of sympathy towards the wearers of the
star was the most obvious reaction from non-Jews. Around 20 non-Jewish
French people were interned on the day the law was introduced for having
worn a yellow star as an act of solidarity. In Clignancourt, an architect
by the name of Henri Muratet attached a large star to his clothing in
which he wrote the word ‘Auvergnat’ (person from the Auvergne region
of France). A newspaper vendor called Marie Lang attached a star to the
collar of her dog as a sign of protest. Although
Vichy used its police to administer the application of the measure in the
Northern Zone, the regime refused to apply a similar measure in the
southern, unoccupied, zone. It seems that Vichy was worried that this
would have a negative effect on public opinion.
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The
majority of Vichy’s anti-Semitic policy was introduced with no obvious
pressure from the Germans. It is true that Vichy probably wanted to
impress the Germans with demonstrations of zeal in this domain but France
had its own indigenous anti-Semitic traditions that Vichy fed into. Former
Vichy ministers have made it clear in their memoirs that the origins of
the government’s anti-Semitism were indigenous. Vichy’s
anti-Semitic programme was extensive with 50 pieces of anti-Jewish
legislation in 1940 and 1941. Discriminatory measures against the Jews
were amongst the first decisions taken by Vichy. Vichy
tended to make a distinction between French and foreign Jews. With
regard to French Jews the relegation of French Jews to a category of
second class citizen. It limited protection towards them by abolishing the
Marchandeau law in August 1940. This was a law from 1939 which made it
illegal to publish articles encouraging racial hatred. The regime also
turned Jews into a propaganda target. Vichy propaganda was never as
overtly anti-Semitic as that of the Germans or the Parisian
collaborationists. The Jews were nonetheless singled out by the regime. It
portrayed them as engaging in the black market and criminal activity and
of being engaged in an international conspiracy against France. The
regime removed French nationality from some Jews. On 22 July 1940 a
commission was set up by Minister of Justice Alibert to revise
naturalisations since 1927. 15 000 of the 50 000 who had been naturalised
since 1927 had their nationality withdrawn. 40% of these were Jewish (*1).
On 7 October 1940, the regime abrogated the
Crémieux decree of 24 October 1870 which granted French
citizenship to Algerian Jews. The
regime passed discriminatory statutes against the Jews these were designed
to isolate and identify Jews. The Statutes were passed on 3 October 1940
and 2 June 1941 (see below). Also on
2 June a law calling for Jewish census was introduced and by December
1941, 140 000 Jews had registered for this census in the southern zone.
This helped identify Jews and therefore made them potential targets for
deportation. With
regard to foreign Jews, Vichy’s policy was even harsher from the
beginning. The aim of Vichy was to encourage the emigration of foreign
Jews but only if these emigrations would not cause diplomatic incidents
with the Germans. It viewed foreign Jews as an added burden and tried to
limit their freedom. On 4 October 1940, Vichy issued a law permitting
internment of foreign Jews in special camps (see
below). Vichy
anti-Semitic programme was never built around the idea of exterminating
Jews but rather around exclusion. The regime nevertheless became an
important instrument in the process of deporting Jews. Ministers claimed
that they were deporting foreign Jews in order to save French ones. 80% of
the Jews arrested were arrested by the French authorities and not the
German ones. Historians differ in their opinion as to whether Vichy knew that a programme of mass extermination was taking place. What is clear, however, and all mainstream historians agree on this, is that senior Vichy personnel like Pierre Laval and his Police Chief, René Bousquet didn’t care what was happening to the Jews. They saw them simply as bargaining counters. (*1)
François Bédarida, ‘La persécution des Juifs’ in Jean-Pierre
AZEMA, & François BEDARIDA (eds), La
France des Années Noires, Paris, Seuil, 1993, vol 2, p 158.
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The first internment camps for foreigners were established not by Vichy
but by the government of Edouard Daladier in the last days of the Third
Republic. A law of 12 November 1938 allowed for the internment of
‘undesirable foreigners’. The first to be interned were Spanish
Republicans at the beginning of 1939. Makeshift camps were set up for
them, the first being that created at in February at Rieucros (Lozère).
The French authorities were concerned by the number of refugees coming
across the border from Spain as the Republicans began to lose the Spanish
Civil War. Many of these Republicans were communist. Following the
collapse of the Popular Front government in 1938, Daladier had become
increasingly hostile to communists. Daladier felt war with Germany was
inevitable despite the Munich compromise and that France must therefore
make herself ready. Daladier’s feeling was that the French communists’
priority of obtaining improvements in their working conditions was
inappropriate in a climate where factories needed to be turning out the
maximum war material. He worried that battle-hardened Spanish Republicans
might swell the ranks of the French communist movement causing it to
radicalise further. His decision to intern Spanish Republicans should
therefore be seen in the wider context of attempts to crush working class
agitation as demonstrated in his hard-line approach to the strikes of 30
November 1938. Once France entered
the war in September 1939 immigrants from Germany and Austria also started
to be interned here, as the government sought to prevent enemy spying.
Initially no distinction was made between Jews and non-Jews and between
pro-Nazis and anti-Nazis, so they were all interned arbitrarily in the
same camps. But from February 1940 special screening commissions
(‘commissions de criblage’) were set up to examine individual cases.
Those considered as no security threat were released and in many cases
allowed to join the French Foreign Legion. There were still 8 000
Austrians and Germans interned at the moment of the armistice, of whom 5
000 were Jewish. It is important to stress that at no stage was there a
deliberate discrimination against Jews in the internment measures at the
end of the Third Republic. If so many of the internees were Jewish it was
because Jews represented a significant proportion of foreign immigrants in
the late 1930s as they tried to flee persecution in Nazi dominated central
Europe. The principal objective of Daladier’s government in interning
these Austrian and German immigrants was to assure national security. The advent of the
Vichy government brought with it new motives for interning Jews. This
government’s political platform, the National Revolution, promoted
xenophobic attitudes. Vichy was keen to exclude foreigners from French
life. On 4 October 1940, a law was introduced which allowed Prefects to
intern foreign Jews with no other justification than that they were
foreign and Jewish. By the end of 1940, the population of the internment
camps of the unoccupied zone had reached 40 000. Two thirds of these were
Jews. Their numbers had, however, fallen to 10 000 by the beginning of
1942 as a large number of internees were sent off to work in work groups
known as Compagnies de Travailleurs Etrangers. The conditions of
internment were awful. Insufficient food, inadequate shelter, lack of
heating, poor medical care and epidemics of disease were the main
challenges to the internees’ daily struggle for survival. About 4000
Jews died in French camps due to the conditions. A few charitable
organizations, mainly organized by Jews or Protestants intervened to try
to improve the conditions in the camps.
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The Jewish Statutes were
two Vichy laws. The first dating from 3 October 1940 was superseded by a
second from 2 June 1941. They instigated important measures of
discrimination against Jews. The
statutes sought to define Jewishness. They were defined in racial and not
religious terms. The
1st statute defined a Jew as someone who had 3 grandparents of
Jewish ‘race’ or 2 grandparents if the individual’s spouse had 3
Jewish grandparents. The 1941 statute expanded
the category of people who could be considered Jewish. The
statutes also sought to impose restrictions on the rights of Jews to
engage in certain activities. The first statute banned
them from working in the civil service, the teaching profession and the
army. It imposed quotas on working in the liberal professions. By the
terms of this law Jews were no longer allowed to work in the cinema, the
theatre or on radio. The second statute
expanded restrictions in important economic activities. Thus Jews were
banned from certain professions in the financial sector such as banking
and the stock exchange. They were also forbidden from operating in areas
of influence such as the press, publishing or advertising. Quotas were
placed on Jewish entry to universities. The statutes stipulated
that certain Jews who had distinguished military records in either of the
world wars could apply for exemption from the employment restrictions. The two statutes led to
considerable hardship amongst Jews many of whom were deprived of their
source of revenue. A total of 3422 civil servants in mainland France were
removed from their jobs in application of the Jewish statutes (*1).
A further 2500 were affected in Algeria. (*1) Marc-Olivier BARUCH, Servir l'Etat Français, Fayard, Paris, 1997, p 655.
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Anti-Semitism was not entirely imported in France. France had its own anti-Semitic tradition. At the beginning of the twentieth century an important political crisis separated France between anti-Semites and those who were pressing for the recognition of equal rights. This was the Dreyfus affair. Dreyfus was an army captain who was wrongly accused of spying for Germany. A traditional theme of anti-Semitism was the idea that because the Jews were a nomadic people they weren’t likely to be loyal to any one country. It was therefore easy for these anti-Semites to accept the idea that Jews might be spying for another country. Anti-Semitism also appealed to many Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Christ. There was a left-wing anti-Semitism as well which focused on the supposedly privileged place of Jews in society. But Anti-Semites were mainly found in the anti-Republican camp. It was the Republic which had emancipated Jews in the first place and therefore an attack on the Jews could be used as a means to attack the Republic. Those defending Dreyfus therefore did so also because they were trying to defend the Republic which officially refused to recognise differences between people on grounds of race and religion. The Dreyfus affair led to a reinforcement of the position of the Republicans because Dreyfus was ultimately found innocent and exonerated. The anti-Dreyfusards continued nevertheless to be opposed to Jews. The Russian Revolution of 1917 gave them an extra argument since so many of the original Soviet Politburo had been Jewish. Political tensions in Europe also heightened anti-Semitism. The interwar period saw an important influx of Jews into France, which had a traditional image as a country of refuge. Anti-Semites were hostile to this influx as they felt it was undermining French identity and likely to spread political radicalism in France. They also feared that Jews might try to push France into war against Germany. It should not be imagined that France was entirely anti-Semitic during this period. There was also a strong current stressing equal rights. The population were generally indifferent to Jewish persecution in the period 1940-1941. But most people during this initial period simply had more pressing concerns than the fate of the Jews as they tried to find enough to eat and worried about absent loved ones. There was also a degree of hostility. Official propaganda encouraged anti-Jewish sentiment and stressed Jewish participation in the black market. At the same time people were looking for scapegoats for the defeat. Even people who were not necessarily anti-Semitic were drawn into complicity with anti-Semitic measures. When the Vichy statutes required administrations to set quotas of the number of Jews allowed in that sector it fell to administrators in that sector to apply these. Thus, for example, it was the Universities themselves which had to exclude Jews from their institutions. In 1942, there was
far more public sympathy with the Jews. Persecution gave them a status as
martyrs. This began when Jews were forced to wear yellow stars of David on
their clothes. The massive programme of deportations during the summer of
1942 caused widespread disgust. The
departure of convoys took place far from urban centres in order to cause
the minimum alarm to the population. Despite this there was considerable
public disarray at the sight of the huge police identity controls, the
disappearance of a neighbour or the vision of cattle trucks packed with
humans passing through train stations. According to the Postal
Censors, who intercepted people’s private correspondence to monitor
opinion, the question of the inhuman treatment of the Jews was one
of the major concerns of public opinion in the months of August and
September 1942.
Two types of protest were registered. Firstly, there were expressions of
sympathy for defenceless
persecuted refugees. Even the catholic clergy who had previously been
firm admirers of Vichy raised their voices in this vein. Monsignor Delay,
the bishop of Marseille, not only read out a prepared message of sympathy
in a church sermon but he was also amongst those readers of the
anti-Semitic newspaper Gringoire
to protest against the tone of the article entitled "une
simple histoire juive"
which praised the deportations. Intermingled
with simple expressions of sympathy, there was a second category of
reaction, which consisted of introspective interrogations as to what these
anti-Semitic measures revealed about the status of France. Anti-Semitic
persecution stopped being a primary concern of the population again
towards the end of 1942. This is because the round-ups for deportation
were now carried out more discreetly but also because the instigation of a
forced labour draft shifted public focus away from the fate of the Jews.
Nevertheless after the summer of 1942 the level of help offered to Jews
increased significantly. Many religious institutions began to offer
shelter to Jews on the run. |
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There has been much debate about the extent to which Jews engaged in Resistance and how far they remained passive. There
is little doubt that foreign Jews in France were more involved in
Resistance than there French counterparts. They had arrived in France as a
result of a long series of persecution. They therefore were more aware of
the brutality of the Germans but also their experience of persecution had
heightened their sense of Jewish identity. They were the principle targets
of anti-Semitic measures in France and this therefore radicalised them.
They were outcasts in French society and therefore had less to lose. All
the more so since the immigrant Jews were often from poor backgrounds
whereas the French Jews tended to be from more bourgeois circles. As a
result, they were often instinctively more militant than the French Jews.
Many French Jewish leaders were slow to lose their faith in Marshal
Pétain. There
were two different types of engagement of Jews in the Resistance. On the
one hand there were Jews who entered into general Resistance structures in
which their Jewish status was secondary. Since many French Jews were keen
on the idea of being fully assimilated members of French society many of
them were keen when resisting not to stand out from their fellow country
men and women. They felt that the defeat of Nazism would in any event
bring about the end of anti-Semitic persecution. Raymond Aubrac and
Jean-Pierre Lévy are two examples of this category of Jewish Resister.
Aubrac was an important member of the ‘Libération-Sud’ movement,
whilst Lévy was the leader of the Franc-Tireur movement. As François Bédarida
makes clear Jews played an especially important role in this respect.
Whilst Jews represented only 0.75% of the population, 5% of ‘Compagnons
de la Libération’ Resistance medals were awarded to Jews
suggesting they were disproportionately involved in Resistance
(*1)
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The second category consisted of Jews who were in specifically Jewish (or mainly Jewish) Resistance structures. The MOI (Main d’Oeuvre Immigrée) movement was a group particularly active in armed Resistance. It brought together mainly foreign Jews, who were often communists. The MOI focused most of its attention on attacks on the German army (Wehrmacht) rather than on specifically Jewish targets, such as the railway lines used to transport Jews to the East. Other Jewish dominated Resistance structures included the Organisation de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) which as its names suggests sought to help Jewish children. (*1) Percentages taken from François Bédarida, ‘La persécution des Juifs’ in AZEMA, Jean-Pierre & BEDARIDA, François, (eds), La France des Années Noires, Paris, Seuil, 1993, Volume 2, pp 179-180. |
COMMENTS & DEBATES
| Extract from Maurice
Delarue,
"La France n'a pas à rougir de ses années noires", Libération,
03/11/97 http://www.liberation.com/quotidien/debats/novembre97/delarue0311.html |
| Background: In this article Delarue paints a much more positive view of France during the Second World war than is generally accepted (for the whole article ). He points out that France and Britain were the only two countries to engage in war against Nazi Germany without being forced to. The USA and the USSR he reminds us were dragged into the war against their will; other countries in Europe were objective allies of Hitler or remained neutral. The historian could oppose this view by saying that France and Britain were themselves very slow to stand up to Hitler and that when they did so it was not a war against Nazism but a war based on collective security and the realisation that in the long-term Hitler would turn his attention to the west. The author, who was a 20 year old journalist in 1939, rightly reminds us that the 92 000 Frenchmen killed in the battle of France was equivalent to the worst weeks of fighting in the First World War. More contestable is his citing of the figure of 370 000 civilian casualties in France- he seems to overlook that these figures include foreign Jews who were often victims of the French themselves. He rightly points out that the Resistance was massively supported by the population and that collaborators were detested by the population, however he could also mention that much of the population despite being pro-Allied was passive and that economic collaboration, constrained though it may have been, was something that most of the population were involved in. The extract below speaks for itself and concerns anti-Semitic practice. Although many historians recognise how vital the help of the population was to saving Jews in France, they also remind us that when the initial anti-Semitic policies were being introduced in France few protested. |
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L'antisémitisme de Vichy et le concours de sa police aux déportations des juifs sont inexcusables, mais cette politique n'avait aucun appui populaire: «En fait, il y a eu très peu de lettres de dénonciation. Les trois quarts des juifs de France ont pu échapper à la Gestapo et à la police de Vichy parce qu'ils ont été cachés et aidés par un grand nombre de gens», affirme Serge Klarsfeld (Marianne du 8 septembre 1997). Un universitaire israélien, Asher Cohen, expose la même thèse dans un gros ouvrage très précisément documenté: Persécutions et sauvetages (Le Cerf, 1993). La France fut le pays occupé d'Europe occidentale où le plus grand nombre de juifs furent sauvés: un quart moururent en déportation contre près de la moitié en Belgique et les trois quarts aux Pays-Bas. En 1945, les survivants juifs étaient les derniers à réclamer une distinction raciale, l'eût-on dite «positive». (....)
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INFORMATION
DOCUMENTATION
| 'Loi' portant statut des juifs |
| Source : Journal officiel, 18 octobre 1940, p. 5323 (quoted on http://www.amgot.org/statuts.htm).. |
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Nous, Maréchal de France, chef de l'État français, Le conseil des ministres entendu, Décrétons : Article
1er. – Est regardé comme juif, pour l'application de la présente loi,
toute personne issue de trois grands-parents de race Art. 2. –
L'accès et l'exercice des fonctions publiques et mandats énumérés ci-après
sont interdits aux juifs : Art. 3. –
L'accès et l'exercice de toutes les fonctions publiques autres que celles
énumérées à l'article 2 ne sont ouverts aux Art. 4. –
L'accès et l'exercice des professions libérales, des professions libres,
des fonctions dévolues aux officiers ministériels Art. 5. –
Les juifs ne pourront, sans condition ni réserve, exercer l'une
quelconque des professions suivantes : Art. 6. –
En aucun cas, les juifs ne peuvent faire partie des organismes chargés de
représenter les progressions visées aux Art. 7. –
Les fonctionnaires juifs visés aux articles 2 et 3 cesseront d'exercer
leurs fonctions dans les deux mois qui suivront la Art. 8. –
Par décret individuel pris en conseil d'État et dûment motivé, les
juifs qui, dans les domaines littéraire, scientifique, Art. 9. – La présente loi est applicable à l'Algérie, aux colonies, pays de protectorat et territoires sous mandat. Art. 10. – Le présent acte sera publié au Journal officiel et exécuté comme loi de l'État. Fait à Vichy, le 3 octobre 1940. Ph.
Pétain. Le garde
des sceaux, Le ministre secrétaire d'État à l'intérieur, Marcel Peyrouton. Le ministre
secrétaire d'État aux affaires étrangères, Le ministre
secrétaire d'État à la guerre, Le ministre
secrétaire d'État aux finances, Le ministre
secrétaire d'État à la marine, Le ministre
secrétaire d'État à la production industrielle et au travail, René
BELIN. |
| 'Loi' sur les ressortissants étrangers de race juive |
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Source : Journal officiel, 18 octobre 1940, p. 5324 (quoted on http://www.amgot.org/statuts.htm).
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Nous, Maréchal de France, chef de l'État français, Le conseil des ministres entendu, Décrétons : Article
1er. – Les ressortissants étrangers de race juive pourront, à dater de
la promulgation de la présente loi, être internés Art. 2. –
Il est constitué auprès du ministre secrétaire d'État à l'intérieur
une commission chargée de l'organisation et de Art. 3. –
Les ressortissants étrangers de race juive pourront en tout temps se voir
assigner une résidence forcée par le préfet du Art. 4. – Le présent décret sera publié au Journal officiel pour être observé comme loi de l'Etat. Fait à Vichy, le 4 octobre 1940. Ph. PETAIN. Par le Maréchal de France, chef de l'État français : Le ministre secrétaire d'État à l'intérieur, Marcel Peyrouton. Le ministre
secrétaire d'Etat aux finances, Le garde
des sceaux, ministre secrétaire d'État à la justice, Raphaël ALIBERT
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| 'Loi' du 2
juin1941 remplaçant la loi du 3 octobre 1940 portant statut des juifs
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| Source :
Journal officiel, 14 juin 1941, p. 2475 (quoted on http://www.amgot.org/statuts.htm).
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Nous, Maréchal de France, chef de l'État français, Le conseil des ministres entendu, Décrétons : Article
1er. – Est regardé comme Juif : Art. 2. –
L'accès et l'exercice des fonctions publiques et mandats énumérés ci-après
sont interdits aux Juifs : Art. 3. –
Les juifs ne peuvent occuper, dans les administrations publiques ou les
entreprises bénéficiaires de concessions ou de Art. 4. –
Les juifs ne peuvent exercer une profession libérale, une profession
commerciale, industrielle ou artisanale, ou une Art. 5. –
Sont interdites aux juifs les professions ci-après : Art. 6. –
En aucun cas, les juifs ne peuvent faire partie des organismes chargés de
représenter les professions visées aux articles Art. 7. –
Les fonctionnaires juifs visés aux articles 2 et 3 sont admis à faire
valoir les droits définis ci-après : Art. 8. –
Peuvent être relevés des interdictions prévues par la présente loi,
les juifs : Art. 9. –
Sans préjudice du droit pour le préfet de prononcer l'internement dans
un camp spécial, même si l'intéressé est Art. 10.
– Les fonctionnaires ayant cessé leurs fonctions par application de la
loi du 3 octobre 1940 et qui peuvent se prévaloir Art. 11. – La présente loi est applicable à l'Algérie, aux colonies, pays de protectorat, en Syrie et au Liban. Art. 12.
– La loi du 3 octobre 1940, modifiée par les lois du 3 avril et du 11
avril 1941, est abrogée ; les règlements et les décrets pris pour son application sont maintenus en vigueur jusqu'à ce
qu'ils soient modifiés s'il y a lieu par des règlements et Art. 13. – Le présent décret sera publié au Journal officiel et exécuté comme loi de l'État. Fait à Vichy, le 2 juin 1941. Ph. PETAIN. Par le Maréchal de France, chef de l'État français : L'amiral de
la flotte, vice-président du conseil, ministre secrétaire d'État aux
affaires étrangères, à l'intérieur et à la marine, Le garde des sceaux, ministre secrétaire d'État à la justice, Joseph BARTHELEMY. Le ministre secrétaire d'État à l'économie nationale et aux finances, Yves Bouthillier. Le général d'armée, ministre secrétaire d'État à la guerre, Général HUNZIGER. Le ministre
secrétaire d'État à l'agriculture,
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Bilan d'application des Statuts des Juifs (avril 1942)
Source: Marc-Olivier BARUCH, Servir l'Etat Français, Fayard, Paris, 1997, p 655
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EXTRACT FROM ANONYMOUS LETTER TO PETAIN Archives Nationales 2AG/618, Lettre ‘d’un Français 100%’, Marseille, avril 1941au Maréchal Pétain, In this extract the anonymous writer, who signs as a 'Français 100%' complains to Pétain about the Police state atmosphere which exists under his regime and the brutalities committed against foreign Jews The rest of the letter can be seen in http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/opinion.htm
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(....) Voilà la France qui à son tour s’abaisse à traiter des hommes comme du bétail; ici à Marseille des policiers prennent plaisir à malmener des étrangers qui n’ont commis aucun délit, que celui d’aimer la France; je connais de pauvres Juifs qui ont déjà vu leurs biens confisqués dans leur pays natal, chassés et traités, comme on ne traite pas des chiens, et qui ici se voient menés au commissariat où on les a roués de coups sous des prétextes absurdes. Un jeune Belge israélite qui en Belgique avait fait plus que son devoir et avait même accompli des missions extrêmement dangereuses, m’a raconté comment il a été reçu, maltraité et injurié par un adjoint du capitaine du port, dont il avait besoin du visa pour la sortie. J’ai appris que plus que jamais la prévarication sévit d’une façon monstruese, partout auprès des autorités occupantes et des autorités françaises avec des milliers de francs on obtient tout ce qu’on veut. Le fonctionnaire est roi et il y a des marchés noirs pour les passeports, les permis, les certificats, comme pour les vivres. Même chez les ‘valeureux compagnons’ il règne une mentalité plus que douteuse; ceux qui les emploient les payent ou les nourissent si mal, qu’ils vont voler et piller le soir un peu partout. Dans les petites villes beaucoup de légionnaires agissent aussi en maîtres et cherchent à organiser la délation et l’espionnage, même quelque fois dans leurs propres familles. Je ne vois pas du tout avec ces moeurs revenir la discipline et l’esprit de famille. (....)
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| In July 1942, the Parisian police participated in the mass arrests of Jews in the Paris region. They were then hearded into the 'Vél d'Hiv' sports stadium before being handed over to the Nazis for deportation | |
| source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/d-d.natanson/hennequin.htm | |
| «
1. Les gardiens et inspecteurs, après avoir vérifié l'identité des
Juifs qu'ils ont mission d'arrêter, n'ont pas à discuter les différentes
observations qui peuvent être formulées par eux [...] 2. Ils n'ont pas à discuter non plus sur l'état de santé. Tout Juif à arrêter doit être conduit au Centre primaire. 3. Les agents chargés de l'arrestation s'assurent lorsque tous les occupants du logement sont à emmener, que les compteurs à gaz, de l'électricité et de l'eau sont bien fermés. les animaux sont confiés au concierge. [...] 7. [...] Les opérations doivent être effectuées avec le maximun de rapidité, sans paroles inutiles et sans aucun commentaire. 8. Les gardiens et inspecteurs chargés de l'arrestation rempliront les mentions figurant au dos de chacune des fiches :
Paris, le 12 juillet
1942
Le Directeur de la Police Municipale Signé HENNEQUIN |
CHRONOLOGY
| Chronology of Jewish persecution
|
| The chronology below is an original
compilation drawn from the following sources: Special edition of L'Histoire: "Auschwitz, la solution finale" (in the series 'les collections de l'Histoire, H.S. n° 3, October 1998) AZEMA (J-P) & BEDARIDA (F), (eds) 1938-1948, Les années de tourmente, dictionnaire critique, Flammarion, Paris, 1995 AZEMA (Jean-Pierre), De Munich à la Libération, 1938-1944, Le Seuil, Paris, 1979 CREMIEUX-BRILHAC, (Jean-Louis), La France Libre, Gallimard, Paris, 1996 KEDWARD (H R) & AUSTIN (R), Vichy France & the Resistance: Culture & Ideology, Croom Helm, 1995 PITEAU (Michel) (Ed.), La Provence et la France de Munich à la Libération (1938-1945), Edisud, Aix-en-Provence, 1994.
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1940
1941 1942
1943 1944
1945 22 07 1940 loi 'relative à la révision des naturalisations' postérieures à 1927 27 08 1940 abrogation du décret-loi Marchandeau du 21/04/39. Les délits 'd'injure raciste' ou 'd'incitation à la haine raciale' disparaissent 27 09 1940 l'occupant promulgue en zone nord une ordonnance sur les Juifs- celle-ci impose le recensement de toute personne d'origine juive ou dont plus de deux grands-parents ont été de religion juive 03 10 1940 Vichy arrête de sa propre initiative un premier statut des Juifs. Cette 'loi' offre une définition du 'Juif' et interdit certaines professions aux Juifs (fonction publique, presse, spectacle) 04 10 1940 Par une nouvelle loi de Vichy les Préfets peuvent assigner à résidence forcée des Juifs étrangers et les interner dans des camps spéciaux (Aix, Gurs, Rivesaltes) 07 10 1940 abrogation du décret Crémieux
qui en 1870 avait accordé la nationalité française aux Juifs d'Algérie
1941 29 03 1941 création par Vichy du commissariat général aux questions juives (CGQJ). Le CGQJ est chargé d'appliquer la politique antisémite. Son premier directeur est l'anti-sémite nationaliste Xavier Vallat courant avril 1941 arrestations en masse dans la zone sud pour interner les Juifs étrangers dans les camps 14 05 1941 première arrestation de masse. A Paris, la préfecture de police convoque dans les commissariats 6494 Juifs étrangers. Les 3430 qui s'y présentent sont arrêtés et conduits dans les camps de Pithiviers et Beaune-la Rolande. 02 06 1941 second statut des Juifs avec interdictions professionnelles élargies et une loi prescrivant le recensement des Juifs 22 07 1941 loi 'relative aux entreprises, biens et valeurs appartenant aux Juifs'. Ces entreprises doivent désormais être placées sous administration provisoire sous le contrôle d'un administrateur nommé par le CGQJ. Les entreprises sont alors soit liquidées, soit vendues dans un processus d' aryanisation. 20 08 1941 rafle de Juifs étrangers menée principalement dans le 11e arrondissement de Paris. La raflée est menée par les forces de police françaises encadrées par des militaires allemands. Arrestation de 4232 Juifs, des hommes âgés de 18 à 50 ans et de toutes nationalités. Parmi eux se trouvent de nombreux Français. Ils sont internés à Drancy. 29 11 1941 Création de l'Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF) 1942 02 01 1942 dans la zone libre, décret ordonnant le recensement des Juifs établis en France depuis 1936. 20 01 1942 conférence de Wannsee (systématisation des plans d'extermination nazis) 07 02 1942 Les Juifs de la zone occupée sont soumis au couvre-feu. 27 03 1942 départ de Drancy du premier convoi ferroviaire de 'déportés raciaux' vers Auschwitz 06 05 1942 Darquier de Pellepoix remplace Xavier Vallat comme commissaire général aux questions juives 29 05 1942 dans la zone occupéen une ordonnance oblige les Juifs de plus de six ans à porter l'étoile jaune. 16/17 07 1942 la police française rafle 12884 Juifs étrangers à Paris, (rafle dite du 'Vel d'Hiv') 06 07 1942 Laval propose à l'Allemagne d'inclure les enfants de moins de 16 ans dans les déportations de Juifs 03 08 1942 protestation de monseigneur Salièges contre les mesures antisémites et les persécutions à la suite de la livraison de Juifs étrangers de la zone sud aux nazis 26 08 1942 début des rafles massives de Juifs en zone sud; 11000 Juifs raflés ou déjà internés sont transférés à Drancy et déportés. 25 09 1942 article de Brasillach dans 'Je suis partout': 'il faut se séparer des Juifs en bloc et ne pas garder de petits' 10 10 1942 quelque 2000 Juifs étrangers sont arrêtés en zone occupée 11 12 1942 loi relative à l'apposition de la mention 'juif' sur les titres d'identité 1943 22-27 01 1943 destruction par les Allemands des 'Vieux Quartiers' de Marseille et arrestation d'environ 800 Juifs français et étrangers Septembre/octobre 1943 rafles menées dans
l'ancienne zone d'occupation italienne.
1944 06 04 1944 arrestation et déportation de 47 enfants enfants juifs d'Izieu 16 06 1944 Marc Bloch est fusillé par les Allemands 20 06 1944 la Milice assassine Jean Zay 09 08 1944 ordonnance du gouvernement provisoire de la République française qui institue notamment la nullité de tous les actes 'qui établissent ou appliquent une discrimination quelconque fondée sur la qualité de juif' 17 08 1944 départ de Drancy du dernier train de déportés raciaux vers l'Allemagne 1945 27 01 1945 l'Armée Rouge libère Auschwitz 10-30 05 1945 1ers retours en France: 3,3 % des 76,000 'déportés raciaux' Return to top of page
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Ermine Orsi; French rescuer of Jews in
WWII and membert of "Combat". She arranged for Jews who had
survived the deportations to be hidden in the village of Le
Chambon-sur-Lignon. CDJC site 'Mémoire de la déportation' site Jewish-Maghrebi History site (chronology
contains references to Vichy and help put the Vichy period in a wider
context) Reviews and comments on Richard
Weisberg's book 'Vichy Law and the Holocaust' Page devoted to Renée Poznanski's book
'Etre
Juif en France pendant la seconde guerre mondiale' Site of the Union des Résistants et Déportés
Juifs de France Edmond Michelet, Centre National d'Etudes
de la Résistance et de la Déportation, 4, rue Champanatier -
19000 Brive World Jewish Congress Bibliography of France and the Shoah Musée-mémorial des enfants d'Izieu. Fédération Nationale des Déportés et
Internés Résistants et Patriotes The US Holocaust Memorial Museum Five U.S. banks operating in France
during World War II handed over Jewish accounts to the Nazi occupiers,
according to a report released. Sardari and the Jews of Paris during
World War II Snap's coverage of Holocaust history Marie-Rose Gineste; rescuer of
Montaubon's Jews and maquis leader. Jews fighting for the liberation of Paris Ivan Beltrami; a "Righteous Among
the Nations" A French Catholic doctor, Beltrami started hiding Jews
in his home in 1941. In 1942 he joined the French Resistance. Simon Wiesenthal site Site concerned with anti-semitism before
and during Vichy The Final Solution 1941-1945 David Katz Holocaust Survivor recalls
life on the run from the Nazis Jewish student online resources Adam Rayski's page: lettre des résistants
et des déportés juifs
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