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Course
Outline |
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| THE STUDY OF LITURGY | ||||||||
LECTURE
SIX
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Time Line
312 |
Conversion of Constantine |
315-367 |
Hilary of Poitiers |
316-397 |
Martin of Tours |
318ff |
Arian Controversy |
325 |
Council of Nicea |
339-397 |
Ambrose of Milan |
350-387 |
Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem |
| 354-430 | Augustine of Hippo |
365-433 |
John Cassian |
382-4 |
Destruction of Altar of Victory in Rome |
410 |
Sacking of Rome by Goths |
422-432 |
Caelestine said to have sent first Bishop to Ireland (Patrick??) |
440-461 |
Leo, Pope in Rome (first bishop to be called ‘Pope’) |
| 455 | Sacking of Rome by Vandals |
476 |
First Barbarian King of Rome |
500-550 |
Roman Army leaves Britain, Anglo-Saxons invade |
480-547 |
Benedict of Nursia |
536-552 |
Gothic Wars in Rome |
| 590-604 | Gregory the Great, Pope in Rome |
597 |
Augustine arrives in Kent |
| 600-633 | Isidore, Bishop of Seville |
| 607 | Pope Boniface III acknowledged as head of all Christians |
| 664 | Synod of Whitby |
| 685-752 | Most Popes of Eastern (Greek or Syrian) origin |
| 715ff | Lombards besiege Rome |
| 732-804 | Alcuin of York |
| 754 | Pope Stephen III journeyed across the Alps to Pepin of the Franks |
| 799 | Pope Leo III, after an attack on his life, escaped to Charlemagne |
| 771-814 | Charlemagne, King of the Franks |
| 800 | Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor |
Origins in Egypt spread into Syria
Cassian was the first advocate of ‘urban monasticism’.
This spread to Greece, Gaul and Ireland.
Benedict popularised this in the West
His ‘Rule’ (c530) was the central document of Roman monasticism
Synod of Whitby saw the beginning of the end for Celtic monasticism and the imposition of
Benedictine rules
The central rite of monasticism is the Office, sevenfold and based on
the recitation of psalmody, with reading and canticles
The non-monastic (Cathedral) office was twofold and based on lighting of lamps, readings,
intercession and hymns
The monastic office (beginning at Rome) became the norm for clergy and ordinary
churches throughout this period.
These are the rites of the northern churches. Very little real evidence left, as all were superseded by Roman.
| Gallican: | Of Gaul | very Eastern in feel, comes from Lyons and spreads out over France |
| Mozarabic: | Of Spain | very elaborate, augmented by the Visigothic [Arian] invasion and solidified by Isidore of Seville |
| Celtic: | Of Ireland | very ascetic, isolated for a long time, but very little actually known, later spread back across Europe [Celtic monastery in Bobio, north Italy, and in St Gall, in Switzerland, by 612] and led missions to Scotland, Germany etc. |
All had very elaborate sets of rites that changed, almost in total, each Sunday and feast day. There was a strong emphasis on Saints and popular devotions. (Cult of Our Lady came from Celtic churches and spread across Europe).
Many minor elements that are now taken for granted come from these northern churches: -
Confirmation by the Bishop apart from Baptism begins in Gaul
Marriage as blessed by the church (largely Spanish)
Confession comes back into the church from Ireland
Robing and giving of chalice etc in Ordination comes from Celtic tradition
Eastward facing altars begin in Gaul and are common in the North
Main emphasis for the north is on diversity, each local diocese,
kingdom, had its own rites
Augustine had already brought Roman traditions to Britain and imposed these at Whitby
Charlemagne created an Empire and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor
He wanted to unify the rite within his Empire and asked Alcuin of York to do this
Alcuin sent to Rome for a blue print and was sent a very slim, stark document by return
This was published along with a supplement containing permissible local items and an
explanation written by Alcuin
This became the norm of Western liturgy for much of the medieval period.
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